<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<chapter id="HDRWQ531">
  <title>Administering the Protection Database</title>

  <para>This chapter explains how to create and maintain user, machine, and group entries in the Protection Database.</para>

  <sect1 id="HDRWQ532">
    <title>Summary of Instructions</title>

    <para>This chapter explains how to perform the following tasks by using the indicated commands:</para>

    <informaltable frame="none">
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="70*" />

        <colspec colwidth="30*" />

        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>Display Protection Database entry</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>Map user, machine or group name to AFS ID</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>Display entry's owner or creator</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>Display number of users or machines belonging to group</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>Display number of groups user or machine belongs to</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>Display group-creation quota</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>Display entry's privacy flags</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>Display members of group, or groups that user or machine belongs to</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>Display groups that user or group owns</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts listowned</emphasis></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>Display all entries in Protection Database</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts listentries</emphasis></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>Create machine entry</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts createuser</emphasis></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>Create group entry</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts creategroup</emphasis></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>Add users and machines to groups</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts adduser</emphasis></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>Remove users and machines from groups</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts removeuser</emphasis></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>Delete machine or group entry</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts delete</emphasis></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>Change a group's owner</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts chown</emphasis></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>Change an entry's name</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts rename</emphasis></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>Set group creation quota</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts setfields</emphasis></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>Set entry's privacy flags</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts setfields</emphasis></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>Display AFS ID counters</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts listmax</emphasis></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>Set AFS ID counters</entry>

            <entry><emphasis role="bold">pts setmax</emphasis></entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>current protection subgroup</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>CPS</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>Protection Server</primary>

      <secondary>building CPS</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>File Server</primary>

      <secondary>CPS requested from Protection Server</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>Protection Database</primary>

      <secondary>user entry, described</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>user</primary>

      <secondary>Protection Database entry, described</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>machine</primary>

      <secondary>Protection Database entry, described</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>Protection Database</primary>

      <secondary>machine entry, described</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>group</primary>

      <secondary>Protection Database entry, described</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>Protection Database</primary>

      <secondary>group entry</secondary>
    </indexterm>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="HDRWQ534">
    <title>About the Protection Database</title>

    <para>The Protection Database stores information about AFS users, client machines, and groups which the File Server process uses
    to determine whether clients are authorized to access AFS data.</para>

    <para>To obtain authenticated access to an AFS cell, a user must have an entry in the cell's Protection Database. The first time
    that a user requests access to the data stored on a file server machine, the File Server on that machine contacts the Protection
    Server to request the user's <emphasis>current protection subgroup</emphasis> (<emphasis>CPS</emphasis>), which lists all the
    groups to which the user belongs. The File Server scans the access control list (ACL) of the directory that houses the data,
    looking for groups on the CPS. It grants access in accordance with the permissions that the ACL extends to those groups or to
    the user individually. (The File Server stores the CPS and uses it as long as the user has the same tokens. When a user's group
    membership changes, he or she must reauthenticate for the File Server to recognize the change.)</para>

    <para>Only administrators who belong to the cell's <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group can create user
    entries (the group is itself defined in the Protection Database, as discussed in <link linkend="HDRWQ535">The System
    Groups</link>). Members of the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group can also create machine entries,
    which can then be used to control access based on the machine from which the access request originates. After creating a machine
    entry, add it to a Protection Database group and place the group on ACLs (a machine cannot appear on ACLs directly). A machine
    entry can represent a single machine or multiple machines with consecutive IP addresses as specified by a wildcard notation. For
    instructions, see <link linkend="HDRWQ542">Creating User and Machine Entries</link>. Because all replicas of a volume share the
    same ACL (the one on the volume's root directory mount point), machine entries enable you to replicate the volume that houses a
    program's binary file while still complying with a machine-based license agreement as required by the program's manufacturer.
    See <link linkend="HDRWQ542">Creating User and Machine Entries</link>.</para>

    <para>A group entry is a list of user entries, machine entries, or both (groups cannot belong to other groups). Putting a group
    on an ACL is a convenient way to extend or deny access to a set of users without listing them on the ACL individually.
    Similarly, adding users to a group automatically grants them access to all files and directories for which the associated ACL
    lists that group. Both administrators and regular users can create groups. <indexterm>
        <primary>system groups</primary>

        <secondary>defined</secondary>
      </indexterm> <indexterm>
        <primary>group</primary>

        <secondary>system</secondary>
      </indexterm> <indexterm>
        <primary>membership</primary>

        <secondary>system groups</secondary>
      </indexterm> <indexterm>
        <primary>system:anyuser group</primary>
      </indexterm> <indexterm>
        <primary>system:authuser group</primary>
      </indexterm> <indexterm>
        <primary>system:administrators group</primary>
      </indexterm></para>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ535">
      <title>The System Groups</title>

      <para>In addition to the groups that users and administrators can create, AFS defines the following three system groups. The
      Protection Server creates them automatically when it builds the first version of a cell's Protection Database, and always
      assigns them the same AFS GIDs. <variablelist>
          <varlistentry>
            <term><emphasis role="bold">system:anyuser</emphasis></term>

            <listitem>
              <para>Represents all users able to access the cell's filespace from the local and foreign cells, authenticated or not.
              Its AFS GID is <emphasis role="bold">-101</emphasis>. The group has no stable membership listed in the Protection
              Database. Accordingly, the <emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis> command displays <emphasis
              role="bold">0</emphasis> in its <computeroutput>membership</computeroutput> field, and the <emphasis role="bold">pts
              membership</emphasis> command does not list any members for it.</para>

              <para>Placing this group on an ACL is a convenient way to extend access to all users. The File Server automatically
              places this group on the CPS of any user who requests access to data stored on a file server machine. (Every
              unauthenticated user is assigned the identity <emphasis role="bold">anonymous</emphasis> and this group is the only
              entry on the CPS for <emphasis role="bold">anonymous</emphasis>.)</para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term><emphasis role="bold">system:authuser</emphasis></term>

            <listitem>
              <para>Represents all users who are able to access the cell's filespace from the local and foreign cells and who have
              successfully obtained an AFS token in the local cell (are authenticated). Its AFS GID is <emphasis
              role="bold">-102</emphasis>. Like the <emphasis role="bold">system:anyuser</emphasis> group, it has no stable
              membership listed in the Protection Database. Accordingly, the <emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis> command
              displays <emphasis role="bold">0</emphasis> in its <computeroutput>membership</computeroutput> field, and the
              <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command does not list any members for it.</para>

              <para>Placing this group on an ACL is therefore a convenient way to extend access to all authenticated users. The File
              Server automatically places this group on the CPS of any authenticated user who requests access to data stored on a
              file server machine.</para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term><emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis></term>

            <listitem>
              <para>Represents the small number of cell administrators authorized to issue privileged <emphasis
              role="bold">pts</emphasis> commands and the <emphasis role="bold">fs</emphasis> commands that set quota. The ACL on
              the root directory of every newly created volume grants all permissions to the group. Even if you remove that entry,
              the group implicitly retains the <emphasis role="bold">a</emphasis> (<emphasis role="bold">administer</emphasis>), and
              by default also the <emphasis role="bold">l</emphasis> (<emphasis role="bold">lookup</emphasis>), permission on every
              ACL. Its AFS GID is <emphasis role="bold">-204</emphasis>. For instructions on administering this group, see <link
              linkend="HDRWQ586">Administering the system:administrators Group</link>.</para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
        </variablelist></para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="HDRWQ536">
    <title>Displaying Information from the Protection Database</title>

    <para>This section describes the commands you can use to display Protection Database entries and associated information. In
    addition to name and AFS ID, the Protection Database stores the following information about each user, machine, or group entry.
    <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>The entry's owner, which is the user or group of users who can administer the entry</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>The entry's creator, which serves mostly as an audit trail</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>A membership count, which indicates how many groups a user or machine belongs to, or how many members belong to a
          group</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>A set of privacy flags, which control which users can administer or display information about the entry</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>A group-creation quota, which defines how many groups a user can create</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>A list of the groups to which a user or machine belongs, or of the users and machines that belong to a group</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>A list of the groups that a user or group owns</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist></para>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>displaying</primary>

      <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>displaying</primary>

      <secondary>owner of Protection Database entry</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>displaying</primary>

      <secondary>creator of Protection Database entry</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>displaying</primary>

      <secondary>privacy flags on Protection Database entry</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>displaying</primary>

      <secondary>membership count in Protection Database entry</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>displaying</primary>

      <secondary>group-creation quota in Protection Database entry</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>Protection Database</primary>

      <secondary>membership count</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>Protection Database</primary>

      <secondary>group entry</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>Protection Database</primary>

      <secondary>machine entry</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>Protection Database</primary>

      <secondary>user entry</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>Protection Database</primary>

      <secondary>owner of entry</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>Protection Database</primary>

      <secondary>creator of entry</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>Protection Database</primary>

      <secondary>privacy flags</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>Protection Database</primary>

      <secondary>group creation quota</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>mapping</primary>

      <secondary>AFS ID to group, machine, or username</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>mapping</primary>

      <secondary>username to AFS UID</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>mapping</primary>

      <secondary>machine name to AFS UID</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>mapping</primary>

      <secondary>group name to AFS GID</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>AFS UID</primary>

      <secondary>displaying</secondary>

      <tertiary>for one user or machine</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>AFS GID</primary>

      <secondary>displaying</secondary>

      <tertiary>for one group</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>owner</primary>

      <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>creator</primary>

      <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>members</primary>

      <secondary>group, displaying</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>privacy flags on Protection Database entry</primary>

      <secondary>displaying</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>group</primary>

      <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>group</primary>

      <secondary>owner</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>group</primary>

      <secondary>creation quota</secondary>

      <see>quota</see>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>group</primary>

      <secondary>privacy flags on Protection Database entry</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>machine</primary>

      <secondary>group memberships</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying number</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>machine</primary>

      <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>machine</primary>

      <secondary>privacy flags on Protection Database entry</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>quota</primary>

      <secondary>group-creation</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>user</primary>

      <secondary>group-creation quota</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>user</primary>

      <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>user</primary>

      <secondary>privacy flags on Protection Database entry</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>user</primary>

      <secondary>group memberships</secondary>

      <tertiary>displaying number</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>pts commands</primary>

      <secondary>examine</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>commands</primary>

      <secondary>pts examine</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ537">
      <title>To display a Protection Database entry</title>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Verify that you belong to the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group, which enables you to
          display an entry regardless of the setting of its first (<emphasis role="bold">s</emphasis>) privacy flag. By default, any
          user can display a Protection Database entry. If necessary, issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis>
          command, which is fully described in <link linkend="HDRWQ587">To display the members of the system:administrators
          group</link>. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts membership system:administrators</emphasis>
</programlisting></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis> command to display one or more Protection Database entries.
          <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>user or group name or id</replaceable>&gt;+
</programlisting></para>

          <para>where</para>

          <variablelist>
            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">e</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Is the shortest acceptable abbreviation of <emphasis role="bold">examine</emphasis> (and <emphasis
                role="bold">check</emphasis> is an alias).</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">user or group name or id</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Specifies the name or AFS ID of each entry to display. Precede any AFS GID with a hyphen (<emphasis
                role="bold">-</emphasis>) because it is a negative integer.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>
          </variablelist>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <para>The output includes the following fields. Examples follow. <variablelist>
          <varlistentry>
            <term><emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>Name</computeroutput></emphasis></term>

            <listitem>
              <para>Specifies the entry's name. <itemizedlist>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>For a user, this is the name used when authenticating with AFS and the name that appears on ACL
                    entries.</para>
                  </listitem>

                  <listitem>
                    <para>For a machine, this is the IP address of a single machine, or a wildcard notation that represents a group
                    of machines with consecutive IP addresses, as described in <link linkend="HDRWQ542">Creating User and Machine
                    Entries</link>.</para>
                  </listitem>

                  <listitem>
                    <para>For a group, this is the name that appears on ACL entries and in the list of groups output by the
                    <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command. The names of <emphasis>regular</emphasis> groups have
                    two parts, separated by a colon (<emphasis role="bold">:</emphasis>). The part before the colon indicates the
                    group's owner, and the part after is the unique name. A <emphasis>prefix-less</emphasis> group's name does not
                    have the owner prefix; only members of the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group can
                    create prefix-less groups. For further discussion of group names, see <link linkend="HDRWQ544">Creating
                    Groups</link>.</para>
                  </listitem>
                </itemizedlist></para>

              <indexterm>
                <primary>AFS UID</primary>

                <secondary>definition</secondary>
              </indexterm>

              <indexterm>
                <primary>AFS GID</primary>

                <secondary>definition</secondary>
              </indexterm>

              <indexterm>
                <primary>UNIX UID</primary>

                <secondary>difference from AFS UID</secondary>
              </indexterm>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term><emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>id</computeroutput></emphasis></term>

            <listitem>
              <para>Specifies the entry's unique AFS identification number. For user and machine entries, the AFS user ID (AFS UID)
              is a positive integer; for groups, the AFS group ID (AFS GID) is a negative integer. AFS UIDs and GIDs have the same
              function as their counterparts in the UNIX file system, but are used by the AFS servers and the Cache Manager
              only.</para>

              <para>Normally, the Protection Server assigns an AFS UID or GID automatically when you create Protection Database
              entries. Members of the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group can specify an ID if desired. For
              further discussion, see <link linkend="HDRWQ542">Creating User and Machine Entries</link> and <link
              linkend="HDRWQ544">Creating Groups</link>.</para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term><emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>owner</computeroutput></emphasis></term>

            <listitem>
              <para>Names the user or group who owns the entry and therefore can administer it (for more information about a group
              owning another group, see <link linkend="HDRWQ545">Using Groups Effectively</link>). Other users possibly have
              administrative privileges, too, depending on the setting of the entry's privacy flags. For instructions on changing
              the owner, see <link linkend="HDRWQ554">Changing a Group's Owner</link>.</para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term><emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>creator</computeroutput></emphasis></term>

            <listitem>
              <para>Names the user who created the entry, and serves as an audit trail. If the entry is deleted from the Protection
              Database, the creator's group creation quota increases by one, even if the creator no longer owns the entry; see <link
              linkend="HDRWQ558">Setting Group-Creation Quota</link>.</para>

              <para>The value <computeroutput>anonymous</computeroutput> in this field generally indicates that the entry was
              created when the Protection Server was running in no-authentication mode, probably during initial configuration of the
              cell's first file server machine. For a description of no-authentication mode, see <link linkend="HDRWQ123">Managing
              Authentication and Authorization Requirements</link>.</para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term><emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>membership</computeroutput></emphasis></term>

            <listitem>
              <para>Specifies the number of groups to which the user or machine belongs, or the number of users or machines that
              belong to the group.</para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term><emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>flags</computeroutput></emphasis></term>

            <listitem>
              <para>Specifies who can display or change information in a Protection Database entry. The five flags, each
              representing a different capability, always appear in the same order. <itemizedlist>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>For user entries, the default value is <computeroutput>S----</computeroutput>, which indicates that anyone
                    can issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis> command on the entry, but only the user and members
                    of the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group can perform any other action.</para>
                  </listitem>

                  <listitem>
                    <para>For machine entries, the default value is <computeroutput>S----</computeroutput>, which indicates that
                    anyone can issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis> command on the entry, but only members of the
                    <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group can perform any other action.</para>
                  </listitem>

                  <listitem>
                    <para>For group entries, the default value is <computeroutput>S-M--</computeroutput>, which indicates that
                    anyone can issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">pts
                    membership</emphasis> commands on the entry, but only the group's owner and members of the <emphasis
                    role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group can perform any other action.</para>
                  </listitem>
                </itemizedlist></para>

              <para>For a complete description of possible values for the flags, see <link linkend="HDRWQ559">Setting the Privacy
              Flags on Database Entries</link>.</para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term><emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>group quota</computeroutput></emphasis></term>

            <listitem>
              <para>Specifies how many more groups a user can create in the Protection Database. The value for a newly created user
              entry is 20, but members of the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group can issue the <emphasis
              role="bold">pts setfields</emphasis> command at any time to change the value; see <link linkend="HDRWQ558">Setting
              Group-Creation Quota</link>.</para>

              <para>Group creation quota has no meaning for a machine or group entry: the Protection Server recognizes the issuer of
              the <emphasis role="bold">pts creategroup</emphasis> command only as an authenticated user or as the <emphasis
              role="bold">anonymous</emphasis> user, never as a machine or group. The default value for group entries is 0 (zero),
              and there is no reason to change it.</para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
        </variablelist></para>

      <para>The following examples show the output for a user called <emphasis role="bold">pat</emphasis>, a machine with IP address
      <emphasis role="bold">192.12.108.133</emphasis> and a group called <emphasis role="bold">terry:friends</emphasis>:</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts examine pat</emphasis>
   Name: pat, id: 1020, owner: system:administrators, creator: admin,
     membership: 12, flags: S----, group quota: 15.
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts ex 192.12.108.133</emphasis>
   Name: 192.12.108.133, id: 5151, owner: system:administrators, creator: admin,
     membership: 1, flags: S----, group quota: 20.
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts examine terry:friends</emphasis>
   Name: terry:friends, id: -567, owner: terry, creator: terry,
     membership: 12, flags: SOm--, group quota: 0.
</programlisting>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>displaying</primary>

        <secondary>groups to which user or machine belongs</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>displaying</primary>

        <secondary>members of group</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>group</primary>

        <secondary>members, displaying</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>group</primary>

        <secondary>membership of machine or user, displaying</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>user</primary>

        <secondary>group memberships, displaying</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>machine</primary>

        <secondary>group memberships, displaying</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>members</primary>

        <secondary>group, displaying</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>pts commands</primary>

        <secondary>membership</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>pts membership</secondary>
      </indexterm>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ538">
      <title>To display group membership</title>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Verify that you belong to the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group, which enables you to
          display an entry's group membership information regardless of the setting of its third (<emphasis
          role="bold">m</emphasis>) privacy flag. By default the owner and the user can display group membership for a user entry,
          the owner for a machine entry, and anyone for a group entry. If necessary, issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts
          membership</emphasis> command, which is fully described in <link linkend="HDRWQ587">To display the members of the
          system:administrators group</link>. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts membership system:administrators</emphasis>
</programlisting></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command to display the list of
          groups to which a user or machine belongs, or the list of users and machines that belong to a group. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>user or group name or id</replaceable>&gt;+
</programlisting></para>

          <para>where</para>

          <variablelist>
            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">m</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Is the shortest acceptable abbreviation of <emphasis role="bold">membership</emphasis>.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">user or group name or id</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Specifies the name or AFS UID of each user or machine for which to list the groups it belongs to, or the name
                or AFS GID of each group for which to list the members.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>
          </variablelist>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <para>For user and machine entries, the output begins with the following string, and then each group appears on its own
      line:</para>

      <programlisting>
   Groups user_or_machine (id: AFS_UID) is a member of:
</programlisting>

      <para>For group entries, the output begins with the following string, and then each member appears on its own line:</para>

      <programlisting>
   Members of group (id: AFS_GID) are:
</programlisting>

      <para>For the system groups <emphasis role="bold">system:anyuser</emphasis> and <emphasis
      role="bold">system:authuser</emphasis>, the output includes the initial header string only, because these groups do not have a
      stable membership listed in their Protection Database entry. See <link linkend="HDRWQ535">The System Groups</link>.</para>

      <para>The following examples show the output for a user called <emphasis role="bold">terry</emphasis> and a group called
      <emphasis role="bold">terry:friends</emphasis>:</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts mem terry</emphasis>
   Groups terry (id: 5347) is a member of:
     pat:friends
     sales
     acctg:general
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts mem terry:friends</emphasis>
   Members of terry:friends (id: -567) are:
     pat
     smith
     johnson
</programlisting>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>group</primary>

        <secondary>groups owned, displaying</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>displaying</primary>

        <secondary>groups owned by a user or group</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>group</primary>

        <secondary>orphaned, displaying</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>orphaned group</primary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>user</primary>

        <secondary>groups owned, displaying</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>group</primary>

        <secondary>owned by user or group, displaying</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>pts commands</primary>

        <secondary>listowned</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>pts listowned</secondary>
      </indexterm>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ540">
      <title>To list the groups that a user or group owns</title>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Verify that you belong to the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group, which enables you to
          display an entry's group ownership information regardless of the setting of its second (<emphasis
          role="bold">o</emphasis>) privacy flag. By default the owner can list the groups owned by group, and a user the groups he
          or she owns. If necessary, issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command, which is fully described in
          <link linkend="HDRWQ587">To display the members of the system:administrators group</link>. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts membership system:administrators</emphasis>
</programlisting></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts listowned</emphasis> command to list the groups owned by each user or group.
          <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts listowned</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>user or group name or id</replaceable>&gt;+
</programlisting></para>

          <para>where</para>

          <variablelist>
            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">listo</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Is the shortest acceptable abbreviation of <emphasis role="bold">listowned</emphasis>.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">user or group name or id</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Specifies the name or AFS UID of each user, or the name or AFS GID or each group, for which to list the groups
                owned.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>
          </variablelist>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <para>The output begins with the following string, and then each group appears on its own line:</para>

      <programlisting>
   Groups owned by user_or_group (id: AFS_ID) are:
</programlisting>

      <para>The following examples show the output for a user called <emphasis role="bold">terry</emphasis> and a group called
      <emphasis role="bold">terry:friends</emphasis>:</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts listo terry</emphasis> 
   Groups owned by terry (id: 5347) are:  
     terry:friends   
     terry:co-workers
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts listo terry:friends</emphasis>
   Groups owned by terry:friends (id: -567) are:
     terry:pals
     terry:buddies
</programlisting>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>displaying</primary>

        <secondary>Protection Database entries (all)</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>displaying</primary>

        <secondary>owner of Protection Database entry</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>displaying</primary>

        <secondary>creator of Protection Database entry</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>Protection Database</primary>

        <secondary>group entry</secondary>

        <tertiary>displaying all</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>Protection Database</primary>

        <secondary>machine entry</secondary>

        <tertiary>displaying all</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>Protection Database</primary>

        <secondary>user entry</secondary>

        <tertiary>displaying all</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>Protection Database</primary>

        <secondary>owner of entry</secondary>

        <tertiary>displaying for all</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>Protection Database</primary>

        <secondary>creator of entry</secondary>

        <tertiary>displaying for all</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>AFS UID</primary>

        <secondary>displaying</secondary>

        <tertiary>for all users and machines in Protection Database</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>AFS GID</primary>

        <secondary>displaying</secondary>

        <tertiary>for all groups in Protection Database</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>owner</primary>

        <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>

        <tertiary>displaying all</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>creator</primary>

        <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>

        <tertiary>displaying all</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>group</primary>

        <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>

        <tertiary>displaying all</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>group</primary>

        <secondary>owner</secondary>

        <tertiary>displaying for all</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>machine</primary>

        <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>

        <tertiary>displaying all</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>user</primary>

        <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>

        <tertiary>displaying all</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>pts commands</primary>

        <secondary>listentries</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>pts listentries</secondary>
      </indexterm>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ541">
      <title>To display all Protection Database entries</title>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Verify that you belong to the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group. If necessary, issue the
          <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command, which is fully described in <link linkend="HDRWQ587">To display
          the members of the system:administrators group</link>. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts membership system:administrators</emphasis>
</programlisting></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts listentries</emphasis> command to display all Protection Database entries.
          <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts listentries</emphasis> [<emphasis role="bold">-users</emphasis>] [<emphasis role="bold">-groups</emphasis>]
</programlisting></para>

          <para>where</para>

          <variablelist>
            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">liste</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Is the shortest acceptable abbreviation of <emphasis role="bold">listentries</emphasis>.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">-users</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Displays user and machine entries. The same output results if you omit both this flag and the <emphasis
                role="bold">-groups</emphasis> flag.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">-groups</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Displays group entries.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>
          </variablelist>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <para>The output is a table that includes the following columns. Examples follow. <variablelist>
          <varlistentry>
            <term><emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>Name</computeroutput></emphasis></term>

            <listitem>
              <para>Specifies the entry's name.</para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term><emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>ID</computeroutput></emphasis></term>

            <listitem>
              <para>Specifies the entry's AFS identification number. For user and machine entries, the AFS user ID (AFS UID) is a
              positive integer; for groups, the AFS group ID (AFS GID) is a negative integer.</para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term><emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>Owner</computeroutput></emphasis></term>

            <listitem>
              <para>Specifies the AFS ID of the user or group who owns the entry and therefore can administer it.</para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>

          <varlistentry>
            <term><emphasis role="bold"><computeroutput>Creator</computeroutput></emphasis></term>

            <listitem>
              <para>Specifies the AFS UID of the user who created the entry.</para>
            </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
        </variablelist></para>

      <para>The following example is from the Example Corporation cell. The issuer provides no options, so the output includes user and
      machine entries.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts listentries</emphasis>
   Name                          ID  Owner Creator
   anonymous                  32766   -204    -204 
   admin                          1   -204   32766 
   pat                         1000   -204       1 
   terry                       1001   -204       1 
   smith                       1003   -204       1 
   jones                       1004   -204       1 
   192.12.105.33               2000   -204       1 
   192.12.105.46               2001   -204       1 
</programlisting>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>creating</primary>

        <secondary>Protection Database machine entry</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>Protection Database</primary>

        <secondary>machine entry, creating</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>assigning</primary>

        <secondary>AFS UID to machine</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>machine</primary>

        <secondary>Protection Database entry, creating</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>machine</primary>

        <secondary>AFS UID, assigning</secondary>
      </indexterm>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="HDRWQ542">
    <title>Creating User and Machine Entries</title>

    <para>An entry in the Protection Database is one of the two required components of every AFS user account, along with an entry
    in the Authentication Database. It is best to create a Protection Database user entry only in the context of creating a complete
    user account, by using the <emphasis role="bold">uss add</emphasis> or <emphasis role="bold">uss bulk</emphasis> command as
    described in <link linkend="HDRWQ449">Creating and Deleting User Accounts with the uss Command Suite</link>, or the <emphasis
    role="bold">pts createuser</emphasis> command as described in <link linkend="HDRWQ502">Creating AFS User Accounts</link>.</para>

    <para>You can also use the <emphasis role="bold">pts createuser</emphasis> command to create Protection Database machine
    entries, which can then be used to control access based on the machine from which the access request originates. After creating
    a machine entry, add it to a Protection Database group and place the group on ACLs ( a machine cannot appear on ACLs directly).
    Because all replicas of a volume share the same ACL (the one on the volume's root directory mount point), you can replicate the
    volume that houses a program's binary file while still complying with a machine-based license agreement as required by the
    program's manufacturer. If you do not place any other entries on the ACL, then only users working on the designated machines can
    access the file.</para>

    <para>Keep in mind that creating an ACL entry for a group with machine entries in it extends access to both authenticated and
    unauthenticated users working on the machine. However, you can deny access to unauthenticated users by omitting an entry for the
    <emphasis role="bold">system:anyuser</emphasis> group from the ACLs of the parent directories in the file's pathname.
    Conversely, if you want to enable unauthenticated users on the machine to access a file, then the ACL on every directory leading
    to it must include an entry for either the <emphasis role="bold">system:anyuser</emphasis> group or a group to which the machine
    entry belongs. For more information on the <emphasis role="bold">system:anyuser</emphasis> group, see <link
    linkend="HDRWQ535">The System Groups</link>.</para>

    <para>Because a machine entry can include unauthenticated users, it is best not to add both machine entries and user entries to
    the same group. In general, it is easier to use and administer nonmixed groups. A machine entry can represent a single machine,
    or multiple machines with consecutive IP addresses (that is, all machines on a network or subnet) specified by a wildcard
    notation. See the instructions in <link linkend="HDRWQ543">To create machine entries in the Protection Database</link>.</para>

    <para>By default, the Protection Server assigns the next available AFS UID to a new user or machine entry. It is best to allow
    this, especially for machine entries. For user entries, it makes sense to assign an AFS UID only if the user already has a UNIX
    UID that the AFS UID needs to match (see <link linkend="HDRWQ496">Assigning AFS and UNIX UIDs that Match</link>). When
    automatically allocating an AFS UID, the Protection Server increments the <computeroutput>max user id</computeroutput> counter
    by one and assigns the result to the new entry. Use the <emphasis role="bold">pts listmax</emphasis> command to display the
    counter, as described in <link linkend="HDRWQ560">Displaying and Setting the AFS UID and GID Counters</link>. <indexterm>
        <primary>AFS UID</primary>

        <secondary>reusing, about</secondary>
      </indexterm></para>

    <para>Do not reuse the AFS UIDs of users who have left your cell permanently or machine entries you have removed, even though
    doing so seems to avoid the apparent waste of IDs. When you remove a user or machine entry from the Protection Database, the
    <emphasis role="bold">fs listacl</emphasis> command displays the AFS UID associated with the former entry, rather than the name.
    If you then assign the AFS UID to a new user or machine, the new user or machine automatically inherits permissions that were
    granted to the previous possessor of the ID. To remove obsolete AFS UIDs from ACLs, use the <emphasis role="bold">fs
    cleanacl</emphasis> command described in <link linkend="HDRWQ579">Removing Obsolete AFS IDs from ACLs</link>.</para>

    <para>In addition to the name and AFS UID, the Protection Server records the following values in the indicated fields of a new
    user or machine's entry. For more information and instructions on displaying an entry, see <link linkend="HDRWQ537">To display a
    Protection Database entry</link>. <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>It sets the <computeroutput>owner</computeroutput> field to the <emphasis
          role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group, indicating that the group's members administer the entry.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>It sets the <computeroutput>creator</computeroutput> field to the username of the user who issued the <emphasis
          role="bold">pts createuser</emphasis> command (or the <emphasis role="bold">uss add</emphasis> or <emphasis
          role="bold">uss bulk</emphasis> command).</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>It sets the <computeroutput>membership</computeroutput> field to <emphasis role="bold">0</emphasis> (zero), because
          the new entry does not yet belong to any groups.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>It sets the <computeroutput>flags</computeroutput> field to <emphasis role="bold">S----</emphasis>; for explanation,
          see <link linkend="HDRWQ559">Setting the Privacy Flags on Database Entries</link>.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>It sets the <computeroutput>group quota</computeroutput> field to <emphasis role="bold">20</emphasis>, meaning that
          the new user can create 20 groups. This field has no meaning for machine entries. For further discussion, see <link
          linkend="HDRWQ558">Setting Group-Creation Quota</link>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist></para>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>pts commands</primary>

      <secondary>createuser</secondary>

      <tertiary>machine entry</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>commands</primary>

      <secondary>pts createuser</secondary>

      <tertiary>machine entry</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ543">
      <title>To create machine entries in the Protection Database</title>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Verify that you belong to the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group. If necessary, issue the
          <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command, which is fully described in <link linkend="HDRWQ587">To display
          the members of the system:administrators group</link>. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts membership system:administrators</emphasis>
</programlisting></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts createuser</emphasis> command to create one or more machine entries.
          <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts createuser -name</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>user name</replaceable>&gt;+ 
</programlisting></para>

          <para>where</para>

          <variablelist>
            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">cu</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Is an alias for <emphasis role="bold">createuser</emphasis> (and <emphasis role="bold">createu</emphasis> is
                the shortest acceptable abbreviation).</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">-name</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Specifies an IP address in dotted-decimal notation for each machine entry. An entry can represent a single
                machine or a set of several machines with consecutive IP addresses, using the wildcard notation described in the
                following list. The letters <emphasis role="bold">W</emphasis>, <emphasis role="bold">X</emphasis>, <emphasis
                role="bold">Y</emphasis>, and <emphasis role="bold">Z</emphasis> each represent an actual number value in the field:
                <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para><emphasis role="bold">W.X.Y.Z</emphasis> represents a single machine, for example <emphasis
                      role="bold">192.12.108.240</emphasis>.</para>
                    </listitem>

                    <listitem>
                      <para><emphasis role="bold">W.X.Y.0</emphasis> matches all machines whose IP addresses start with the first
                      three numbers. For example, <emphasis role="bold">192.12.108.0</emphasis> matches both <emphasis
                      role="bold">192.12.108.119</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">192.12.108.120</emphasis>, but does not match
                      <emphasis role="bold">192.12.105.144</emphasis>.</para>
                    </listitem>

                    <listitem>
                      <para><emphasis role="bold">W.X.0.0</emphasis> matches all machines whose IP addresses start with the first
                      two numbers. For example, the address <emphasis role="bold">192.12.0.0</emphasis> matches both <emphasis
                      role="bold">192.12.106.23</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">192.12.108.120</emphasis>, but does not match
                      <emphasis role="bold">192.5.30.95</emphasis>.</para>
                    </listitem>

                    <listitem>
                      <para><emphasis role="bold">W.0.0.0</emphasis> matches all machines whose IP addresses start with the first
                      number in the specified address. For example, the address <emphasis role="bold">192.0.0.0</emphasis> matches
                      both <emphasis role="bold">192.5.30.95</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">192.12.108.120</emphasis>, but
                      does not match <emphasis role="bold">138.255.63.52</emphasis>.</para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist></para>

                <para>Do not define a machine entry with the name <emphasis role="bold">0.0.0.0</emphasis> to match every machine.
                The <emphasis role="bold">system:anyuser</emphasis> group is equivalent.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>
          </variablelist>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <para>The following example creates a machine entry that includes all of the machines in the <emphasis
      role="bold">192.12</emphasis> network.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts cu 192.12.0.0</emphasis>
</programlisting>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>creating</primary>

        <secondary>Protection Database group entry</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>Protection Database</primary>

        <secondary>group entry, creating</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>assigning</primary>

        <secondary>AFS GID to group</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>group</primary>

        <secondary>Protection Database entry, creating</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>group</primary>

        <secondary>AFS GID, assigning</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>group</primary>

        <secondary>name, assigning</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>group</primary>

        <secondary>regular and prefix-less, defined</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>regular group</primary>

        <secondary></secondary>

        <see>group</see>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>prefix-less group</primary>

        <secondary></secondary>

        <see>group</see>
      </indexterm>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="HDRWQ544">
    <title>Creating Groups</title>

    <para>Before you can add members to a group, you must create the group entry itself. The instructions in this section explain
    how to create both regular and prefix-less groups: <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>A <emphasis>regular group</emphasis>'s name is preceded by a prefix that indicates who owns the group, in the
          following format:</para>

          <para>owner_name<emphasis role="bold">:</emphasis>group_name</para>

          <para>Any user can create a regular group. Group names must always be typed in full, so a short group_name that indicates
          the group's purpose or its members' common interest is practical. Groups with names like <emphasis
          role="bold">terry:1</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">terry:2</emphasis> are less useful because their purpose is
          unclear. For more details on the required format for regular group names, see the instructions in <link
          linkend="HDRWQ546">To create groups</link>.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>A <emphasis>prefix-less group</emphasis>, as its name suggests, has only one field in its name, equivalent to a
          regular group's group_name field.</para>

          <para>Only members of the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group can create prefix-less groups. For
          a discussion of their purpose, see <link linkend="HDRWQ548">Using Prefix-Less Groups</link>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist></para>

    <para>By default, the Protection Server assigns the next available AFS GID to a new group entry, and it is best to allow this.
    When automatically allocating an AFS GID (which is a negative integer), the Protection Server decrements the <computeroutput>max
    group id</computeroutput> counter by one and assigns the result to the new group. Use the <emphasis role="bold">pts
    listmax</emphasis> command to display the counter, as described in <link linkend="HDRWQ560">Displaying and Setting the AFS UID
    and GID Counters</link>.</para>

    <para>In addition to the name and AFS GID, the Protection Server records the following values in the indicated fields of a new
    group's entry. See <link linkend="HDRWQ537">To display a Protection Database entry</link>. <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>It sets the <computeroutput>owner</computeroutput> field to the issuer of the <emphasis role="bold">pts
          creategroup</emphasis> command, or to the user or group specified by the <emphasis role="bold">-owner</emphasis>
          argument.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>It sets the <computeroutput>creator</computeroutput> field to the username of the user who issued the <emphasis
          role="bold">pts creategroup</emphasis> command.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>It sets the <computeroutput>membership</computeroutput> field to <emphasis role="bold">0</emphasis> (zero), because
          the group currently has no members.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>It sets the <computeroutput>flags</computeroutput> field to <emphasis role="bold">S-M--</emphasis>; for explanation,
          see <link linkend="HDRWQ559">Setting the Privacy Flags on Database Entries</link>.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>It sets the <computeroutput>group quota</computeroutput> field to <emphasis role="bold">0</emphasis>, because this
          field has no meaning for group entries.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist></para>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>group</primary>

      <secondary>using effectively</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>private use of group</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>group</primary>

      <secondary>private use</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>shared use of group</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>group</primary>

      <secondary>shared use</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>group use of group</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>group</primary>

      <secondary>group use</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>self-owned group</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ545">
      <title>Using Groups Effectively</title>

      <para>The main reason to create groups is to place them on ACLs, which enables you to control access for multiple users
      without having to list them individually on the ACL. There are three basic ways to use groups, each suited to a different
      purpose: <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para><emphasis>Private use</emphasis>: you create a group and place it on the ACL of directories you own, without
            necessarily informing the group's members that they belong to it. Members notice only that they can or cannot access the
            directory in a certain way. You retain sole administrative control over the group, since you are the owner.</para>

            <para>The existence of the group and the identity of its members is not necessarily secret. Other users can use the
            <emphasis role="bold">fs listacl</emphasis> command and see the group's name on a directory's ACL, or use the <emphasis
            role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command to list the groups they themselves belong to. You can set the group's
            third privacy flag to limit who can use the <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command to list the group's
            membership, but a member of the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group always can; see <link
            linkend="HDRWQ559">Setting the Privacy Flags on Database Entries</link>.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para><emphasis>Shared use</emphasis>: you inform the group's members that they belong to the group, but you still
            remain the sole administrator. For example, the manager of a work group can create a group of all the members in the
            work group, and encourage them to use it on the ACLs of directories that house information they want to share with other
            members of the group.</para>

            <note>
              <para>If you place a group owned by someone else on your ACLs, the group's owner can change the group's membership
              without informing you. Someone new can gain or lose access in a way you did not intend and without your
              knowledge.</para>
            </note>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para><emphasis>Group use</emphasis>: you create a group and then use the <emphasis role="bold">pts chown</emphasis>
            command to assign ownership to a group, either another group or the group itself (the latter type is a self-owned
            group). You inform the members of the owning group that they all can administer the owned group.</para>

            <para>The main advantage of designating a group as an owner is that it spreads responsibility for administering a group
            among several people. A single person does not have to perform all administrative tasks, and if the original creator
            leaves the group, ownership does not have to be transferred.</para>

            <para>However, everyone in the owner group can make changes that affect others negatively, such as adding or removing
            people from the group inappropriately or changing the group's ownership to themselves exclusively. These problems can be
            particularly sensitive in a <emphasis>self-owned</emphasis> group. Using an owner group works best if all the members
            know and trust each other; it is probably wise to keep the number of people in an owner group small.</para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist></para>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>pts commands</primary>

        <secondary>creategroup</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>pts creategroup</secondary>
      </indexterm>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ546">
      <title>To create groups</title>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>If creating a prefix-less group, verify that you belong to the <emphasis
          role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group. If necessary, issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts
          membership</emphasis> command, which is fully described in <link linkend="HDRWQ587">To display the members of the
          system:administrators group</link>. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts membership system:administrators</emphasis>
</programlisting></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts creategroup</emphasis> command to create each group. All of the groups have the
          same owner. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts creategroup  -name</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>group name</replaceable>&gt;+ [<emphasis role="bold">-owner</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>owner of the group</replaceable>&gt;]
</programlisting></para>

          <para>where</para>

          <variablelist>
            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">cg</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Is an alias for <emphasis role="bold">creategroup</emphasis> (and <emphasis role="bold">createg</emphasis> is
                the shortest acceptable abbreviation). <indexterm>
                    <primary>owner</primary>

                    <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>

                    <tertiary>rules for assigning</tertiary>
                  </indexterm> <indexterm>
                    <primary>rules</primary>

                    <secondary>group names, assigning</secondary>
                  </indexterm> <indexterm>
                    <primary>group</primary>

                    <secondary>rules for naming</secondary>
                  </indexterm></para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">-name</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Names each group to create. The name can include up to 63 lowercase letters or numbers, but it is best not to
                include punctuation characters, especially those that have a special meaning to the shell.</para>

                <para>A prefix-less group name cannot include the colon (<emphasis role="bold">:</emphasis>), because it is used to
                separate the two parts of a regular group name:</para>

                <para>owner_name<emphasis role="bold">:</emphasis>group_name</para>

                <para>The Protection Server requires that the owner_name prefix of a regular group name accurately indicate the
                group's owner. By default, you are recorded as the owner, and the owner_name must be your AFS username. You can
                include the <emphasis role="bold">-owner</emphasis> argument to designate another AFS user, a regular group, or a
                prefix-less group as the owner, providing the required value in the owner_name field: <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>If the owner is a user, it must be the AFS username.</para>
                    </listitem>

                    <listitem>
                      <para>If the owner is another regular group, it must match the owning group's owner_name field. For example,
                      if the owner is the group <emphasis role="bold">terry:associates</emphasis>, the owner field must be <emphasis
                      role="bold">terry</emphasis>.</para>
                    </listitem>

                    <listitem>
                      <para>If the owner is a prefix-less group, it must be the owning group's name.</para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist></para>

                <para>(For a discussion of why it is useful for a group to own another group, see <link linkend="HDRWQ545">Using
                Groups Effectively</link>.)</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">-owner</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Is optional and designates an owner other than the issuer of the command. Specify either an AFS username or
                the name of a regular or prefix-less group that already has at least one member. Do not include this argument if you
                want to make the group self-owned as described in <link linkend="HDRWQ545">Using Groups Effectively</link>. For
                instructions, see <link linkend="HDRWQ547">To create a self-owned group</link>.</para>

                <para>Do not designate a machine as a group's owner. Because a machine cannot authenticate, there is no way for a
                machine to administer the group.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>
          </variablelist>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>group</primary>

        <secondary>self-owned, creating</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>creating</primary>

        <secondary>group, self-owned</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>changing</primary>

        <secondary>group ownership to self-owned</secondary>
      </indexterm>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ547">
      <title>To create a self-owned group</title>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts creategroup</emphasis> command to create a group. Do not include the <emphasis
          role="bold">-owner</emphasis> argument, because you must own a group to reassign ownership. For complete instructions, see
          <link linkend="HDRWQ546">To create groups</link>. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts creategroup</emphasis>  &lt;<replaceable>group name</replaceable>&gt;
</programlisting></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts adduser</emphasis> command to add one or more members to the group (a group must
          already have at least one member before owning another group). For complete instructions, see <link
          linkend="HDRWQ549">Adding and Removing Group Members</link>. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts adduser -user</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>user name</replaceable>&gt;+ <emphasis role="bold">-group</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>group name</replaceable>&gt;+
</programlisting></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts chown</emphasis> command to assign group ownership to the group itself. For
          complete instructions, see <link linkend="HDRWQ555">To change a group's owner</link>. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts chown</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>group name</replaceable>&gt; &lt;<replaceable>new owner</replaceable>&gt;
</programlisting></para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ548">
      <title>Using Prefix-Less Groups</title>

      <para>Members of the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group can create prefix-less groups, which are
      particularly suitable for <emphasis>group use</emphasis>, which is described in <link linkend="HDRWQ545">Using Groups
      Effectively</link>.</para>

      <para>Suppose, for example, that the manager of the Example Corporation's Accounting Department, user <emphasis
      role="bold">smith</emphasis>, creates a group that includes all of the corporation's accountants and places the group on the
      ACLs of directories that house departmental records. Using a prefix-less group rather than a regular group is appropriate for
      the following reasons: <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>The fact that <emphasis role="bold">smith</emphasis> created and owns the group is irrelevant, and a regular group
            must be called <emphasis role="bold">smith:acctg</emphasis>. A prefix-less name like <emphasis
            role="bold">acctg</emphasis> is more appropriate.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>If another user (say <emphasis role="bold">jones</emphasis>) ever replaces <emphasis role="bold">smith</emphasis>
            as manager of the Accounting Department, <emphasis role="bold">jones</emphasis> needs to become the new owner of the
            group. If the group is a regular one, its owner_name prefix automatically changes to <emphasis
            role="bold">jones</emphasis>, but the change in the owner_name prefix does not propagate to any regular groups owned by
            the group. Someone must use the <emphasis role="bold">pts rename</emphasis> command to change each one's owner_name
            prefix from <emphasis role="bold">smith</emphasis> to <emphasis role="bold">jones</emphasis>.</para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist></para>

      <para>A possible solution is to create an authentication account for a fictional user called <emphasis
      role="bold">acctg</emphasis> and make it the owner of regular groups which have <emphasis role="bold">acctg</emphasis> as
      their owner_name prefix. However, if the <emphasis role="bold">acctg</emphasis> account is also used for other purposes, then
      the number of people who need to know user <emphasis role="bold">acctg</emphasis>'s password is possibly larger than the
      number of people who need to administer the groups it owns.</para>

      <para>A prefix-less group called <emphasis role="bold">acctg</emphasis> solves the problem of inappropriate owner names. The
      groups that it owns have <emphasis role="bold">acctg</emphasis> as their owner_name prefix, which more accurately reflects
      their purpose than having the manager's name there. Prefix-less groups are also more accountable than dummy authentication
      accounts. Belonging to the group enables individuals to exercise the permissions granted to the group on ACLs, but users
      continue to perform tasks under their own names rather than under the dummy username. Even if the group owns itself, only a
      finite number of people can administer the group entry.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="HDRWQ549">
    <title>Adding and Removing Group Members</title>

    <para>Users and machines can be members of groups; groups cannot belong to other groups. Newly created groups have no members at
    all. To add them, use the <emphasis role="bold">pts adduser</emphasis> command; to remove them, use the <emphasis
    role="bold">pts removeuser</emphasis> command. <indexterm>
        <primary>adding</primary>

        <secondary>members to groups</secondary>
      </indexterm> <indexterm>
        <primary>group</primary>

        <secondary>members, adding</secondary>
      </indexterm> <indexterm>
        <primary>members</primary>

        <secondary>group, adding</secondary>
      </indexterm> <indexterm>
        <primary>user</primary>

        <secondary>adding to group</secondary>
      </indexterm> <indexterm>
        <primary>machine</primary>

        <secondary>adding to group</secondary>
      </indexterm> <indexterm>
        <primary>pts commands</primary>

        <secondary>adduser</secondary>
      </indexterm> <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>pts adduser</secondary>
      </indexterm></para>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ550">
      <title>To add users and machines to groups</title>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Verify that you belong to the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group, which enables you to add
          members to a group regardless of the setting of its fourth (<emphasis role="bold">a</emphasis>) privacy flag. By default
          the group's owner also has the necessary privilege. If necessary, issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts
          membership</emphasis> command, which is fully described in <link linkend="HDRWQ587">To display the members of the
          system:administrators group</link>. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts membership system:administrators</emphasis>
</programlisting></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts adduser</emphasis> command to add one or more members to one or more groups.
          <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts adduser -user</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>user name</replaceable>&gt;+ <emphasis role="bold">-group</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>group name</replaceable>&gt;+
</programlisting></para>

          <para>where</para>

          <variablelist>
            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">ad</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Is the shortest acceptable abbreviation of <emphasis role="bold">adduser</emphasis>.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">-user</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Specifies each username or machine IP address to add as a member of each group named by the <emphasis
                role="bold">-group</emphasis> argument. A group cannot belong to another group.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">group name</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Names each group to which to add the new members.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>
          </variablelist>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>removing</primary>

        <secondary>group members</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>group</primary>

        <secondary>members, removing</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>members</primary>

        <secondary>group, removing</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>user</primary>

        <secondary>removing from group</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>machine</primary>

        <secondary>removing from group</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>pts commands</primary>

        <secondary>removeuser</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>pts removeuser</secondary>
      </indexterm>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ551">
      <title>To remove users and machines from groups</title>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Verify that you belong to the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group, which enables you to
          remove members from a group regardless of the setting of its fifth (<emphasis role="bold">r</emphasis>) privacy flag. By
          default the group's owner also has the necessary privilege. If necessary, issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts
          membership</emphasis> command, which is fully described in <link linkend="HDRWQ587">To display the members of the
          system:administrators group</link>. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts membership system:administrators</emphasis>
</programlisting></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts removeuser</emphasis> command to remove one or more members from one or more
          groups. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts removeuser -user</emphasis>  &lt;<replaceable>user name</replaceable>&gt;+  <emphasis role="bold">-group</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>group name</replaceable>&gt;+
</programlisting></para>

          <para>where</para>

          <variablelist>
            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">rem</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Is the shortest acceptable abbreviation of <emphasis role="bold">removeuser</emphasis>.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">-user</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Specifies each user or machine IP address to remove from each group named by the <emphasis
                role="bold">-group</emphasis> argument.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">-group</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Names each group from which to remove members.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>
          </variablelist>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="HDRWQ552">
    <title>Deleting Protection Database Entries</title>

    <para>It is best to delete a Protection Database user entry only if you are removing the complete user account. Use either the
    <emphasis role="bold">uss delete</emphasis> command as described in <link linkend="HDRWQ486">Deleting Individual Accounts with
    the uss delete Command</link>, or the <emphasis role="bold">pts delete</emphasis> command as described in <link
    linkend="HDRWQ524">Removing a User Account</link>.</para>

    <para>To remove machine and group entries, use the <emphasis role="bold">pts delete</emphasis> command as described in this
    section. The operation has the following results: <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>When you delete a machine entry, its name (IP address wildcard) is removed from groups.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>When you delete a group entry, its AFS GID appears on ACLs instead of the name. The <emphasis>group-creation
          quota</emphasis> of the user who created the group increases by one, even if the user no longer owns the group.</para>

          <para>To remove obsolete AFS IDs from ACLs, use the <emphasis role="bold">fs cleanacl</emphasis> command as described in
          <link linkend="HDRWQ579">Removing Obsolete AFS IDs from ACLs</link>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist></para>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>removing</primary>

      <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>Protection Database</primary>

      <secondary>entry, deleting</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>group</primary>

      <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>

      <tertiary>deleting</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>user</primary>

      <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>

      <tertiary>deleting</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>machine</primary>

      <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>

      <tertiary>deleting</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>pts commands</primary>

      <secondary>delete</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>commands</primary>

      <secondary>pts delete</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ553">
      <title>To delete Protection Database entries</title>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Verify that you belong to the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group or own the group you are
          deleting. If necessary, issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command, which is fully described in
          <link linkend="HDRWQ587">To display the members of the system:administrators group</link>. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts membership system:administrators</emphasis>
</programlisting></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts delete</emphasis> command to delete one or more entries from the Protection
          Database. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts delete</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>user or group name or id</replaceable>&gt;+
</programlisting></para>

          <para>where</para>

          <variablelist>
            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">del</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Is the shortest acceptable abbreviation of <emphasis role="bold">delete</emphasis>.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">user or group name or id</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Specifies the IP address or AFS UID of each machine or the name or AFS GID or each group to remove.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>
          </variablelist>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>changing</primary>

        <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>

        <tertiary>owner</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>owner</primary>

        <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>

        <tertiary>changing</tertiary>
      </indexterm>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="HDRWQ554">
    <title>Changing a Group's Owner</title>

    <para>For user and machine entries, the Protection Server automatically assigns ownership to the <emphasis
    role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group at creation time, and this cannot be changed. For group entries, you can
    change ownership. This transfers administrative responsibility for it to another user or group (for information on group
    ownership of other groups, see <link linkend="HDRWQ545">Using Groups Effectively</link>).</para>

    <para>When you create a regular group, its owner_name prefix must accurately reflect its owner, as described in <link
    linkend="HDRWQ546">To create groups</link>: <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>If the owner is a user, owner_name is the username.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>If the owner is a regular group, owner_name is the owning group's owner_name prefix.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>If the owner is a prefix-less group, owner_name is the owner group's name.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist></para>

    <para>When you change a regular group's owner, the Protection Server automatically changes its owner_name prefix appropriately.
    For example, if the user <emphasis role="bold">pat</emphasis> becomes the new owner of the group <emphasis
    role="bold">terry:friends</emphasis>, its name automatically changes to <emphasis role="bold">pat:friends</emphasis>, both in
    the Protection Database and on ACLs.</para>

    <para>However, the Protection Server does not automatically change the owner_name prefix of any regular groups that the group
    owns. To continue with the previous example, suppose that the group <emphasis role="bold">terry:friends</emphasis> owns the
    group <emphasis role="bold">terry:pals</emphasis>. When <emphasis role="bold">pat</emphasis> becomes the new owner of <emphasis
    role="bold">terry:friends</emphasis>, the name <emphasis role="bold">terry:pals</emphasis> does not change. To change the
    owner_name prefix of a regular group that is owned by another group (in the example, to change the group's name to <emphasis
    role="bold">pat:pals</emphasis>), use the <emphasis role="bold">pts rename</emphasis> command as described in <link
    linkend="HDRWQ556">Changing a Protection Database Entry's Name</link>. <indexterm>
        <primary>Protection Database</primary>

        <secondary>owner of entry</secondary>

        <tertiary>changing</tertiary>
      </indexterm> <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>pts chown</secondary>
      </indexterm> <indexterm>
        <primary>pts commands</primary>

        <secondary>chown</secondary>
      </indexterm></para>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ555">
      <title>To change a group's owner</title>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Verify that you belong to the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group or own the group for
          which you are changing the owner. If necessary, issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command, which
          is fully described in <link linkend="HDRWQ587">To display the members of the system:administrators group</link>.
          <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts membership system:administrators</emphasis>
</programlisting></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis role="bold">(Optional)</emphasis> If you are changing the group's owner to another group (or to itself)
          and want to retain administrative privilege on the owned group, verify that you belong to the new owner group. If
          necessary, issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command, which is fully described in <link
          linkend="HDRWQ538">To display group membership</link>. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>user or group name or id</replaceable>&gt;
</programlisting></para>

          <para>Use the <emphasis role="bold">pts adduser</emphasis> command to add yourself if necessary, as fully described in
          <link linkend="HDRWQ550">To add users and machines to groups</link>.</para>

          <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts adduser</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>user name</replaceable>&gt; &lt;<replaceable>group name</replaceable>&gt;
</programlisting>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts chown</emphasis> command to change the group's owner. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts chown</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>group name</replaceable>&gt; &lt;<replaceable>new owner</replaceable>&gt;
</programlisting></para>

          <para>where</para>

          <variablelist>
            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">cho</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Is the shortest acceptable abbreviation of <emphasis role="bold">chown</emphasis>.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">group name</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Specifies the current name of the group.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">new owner</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Names the user or group to become the group's owner.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>
          </variablelist>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis role="bold">(Optional)</emphasis> Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts listowned</emphasis> command to
          display any groups that the group owns. As discussed in the introduction to this section, the <emphasis role="bold">pts
          chown</emphasis> command does not automatically change the owner_name prefix of any regular groups that a group owns.
          <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts listowned</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>user or group name or id</replaceable>&gt;
</programlisting></para>

          <para>If you want to change their names to match the new owning group, use the <emphasis role="bold">pts rename</emphasis>
          command on each one, as described in <link linkend="HDRWQ557">To change the name of a machine or group
          entry</link>.</para>

          <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts rename</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>old name</replaceable>&gt; &lt;<replaceable>new name</replaceable>&gt;
</programlisting>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>changing</primary>

        <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>

        <tertiary>name</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>name</primary>

        <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>

        <tertiary>changing</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>Protection Database</primary>

        <secondary>entry name</secondary>

        <tertiary>changing</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>group</primary>

        <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>

        <tertiary>name, changing</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>machine</primary>

        <secondary>Protection Database entry</secondary>

        <tertiary>name, changing</tertiary>
      </indexterm>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="HDRWQ556">
    <title>Changing a Protection Database Entry's Name</title>

    <para>To change the name of a Protection Database entry, use the <emphasis role="bold">pts rename</emphasis> command. It is best
    to change a user entry's name only when renaming the entire user account, since so many components of the account
    (Authentication Database entry, volume name, home directory mount point, and so on) share the name. For instructions, see <link
    linkend="HDRWQ518">Changing Usernames</link>. A machine entry's name maps to the actual IP address of one or more machine, so
    changing the entry's name is appropriate only if the IP addresses have changed.</para>

    <para>It is likely, then, that most often you need to change group names. The following types of name changes are possible:
    <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Changing a regular group's name to another regular group name. The most common reason for this type of change is
          that you have used the <emphasis role="bold">pts chown</emphasis> command to change the owner of the group. That operation
          does not change the owner_name prefix of a regular group owned by the group whose name has been changed. Therefore, you
          must use the <emphasis role="bold">pts rename</emphasis> command to change it appropriately. For example, when user
          <emphasis role="bold">pat</emphasis> becomes the owner of the <emphasis role="bold">terry:friends</emphasis> group, its
          name changes automatically to <emphasis role="bold">pat:friends</emphasis>, but the name of a group it owns, <emphasis
          role="bold">terry:pals</emphasis>, does not change. Use the <emphasis role="bold">pts rename</emphasis> command to rename
          <emphasis role="bold">terry:pals</emphasis> to <emphasis role="bold">pat:pals</emphasis>. The Protection Server does not
          accept changes to the owner_name prefix that do not reflect the true ownership (changing <emphasis
          role="bold">terry:pals</emphasis> to <emphasis role="bold">smith:pals</emphasis> is not possible).</para>

          <para>You can also use the <emphasis role="bold">pts rename</emphasis> command to change the group_name portion of a
          regular group name, with or without changing the owner_name prefix.</para>

          <para>Both the group's owner and the members of the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group can
          change its name to another regular group name.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Changing a regular group's name to a prefix-less name. If you change a group's name in this way, you must also use
          the <emphasis role="bold">pts rename</emphasis> command to change the name of any regular group that the group owns. Only
          members of the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group can make this type of name change.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Changing a prefix-less name to another prefix-less name. As with other name changes, the owner_name prefix of any
          regular groups that the prefix-less group owns does not change automatically. You must issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts
          rename</emphasis> command on them to maintain consistency.</para>

          <para>Both the group's owner and the members of the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group can
          change its name to another prefix-less name.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Changing a prefix-less name to a regular name. The owner_name prefix on the new name must accurately reflect the
          group's ownership. As with other name changes, the owner_name prefix of any regular groups that the prefix-less group owns
          does not change automatically. You must issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts rename</emphasis> command on them to maintain
          consistency.</para>

          <para>Only members of the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group can make this type of name
          change.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist></para>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>commands</primary>

      <secondary>pts rename</secondary>

      <tertiary>machine or group name</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>pts commands</primary>

      <secondary>rename</secondary>

      <tertiary>machine or group name</tertiary>
    </indexterm>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ557">
      <title>To change the name of a machine or group entry</title>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Verify that you belong to the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group. If necessary, issue the
          <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command, which is fully described in <link linkend="HDRWQ587">To display
          the members of the system:administrators group</link>. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts membership system:administrators</emphasis>
</programlisting></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts rename</emphasis> command to change the entry's name. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts rename</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>old name</replaceable>&gt; &lt;<replaceable>new name</replaceable>&gt;
</programlisting></para>

          <para>where</para>

          <variablelist>
            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">ren</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Is the shortest acceptable abbreviation of <emphasis role="bold">rename</emphasis>.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">old name</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Specifies the entry's current name.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">new name</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Specifies the new name. If the new name is for a regular group, the owner_name prefix must correctly indicate
                the owner.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>
          </variablelist>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>setting</primary>

        <secondary>group-creation quota in Protection Database entry</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>quota</primary>

        <secondary>group-creation</secondary>

        <tertiary>setting</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>Protection Database</primary>

        <secondary>group creation quota</secondary>

        <tertiary>setting</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>user</primary>

        <secondary>group-creation quota</secondary>

        <tertiary>setting</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>changing</primary>

        <secondary>group-creation quota</secondary>
      </indexterm>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="HDRWQ558">
    <title>Setting Group-Creation Quota</title>

    <para>To prevent abuse of system resources, the Protection Server imposes a group-creation quota that limits how many more
    groups a user can create. When a new user entry is created, the quota is set to 20, but members of the <emphasis
    role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group can use the <emphasis role="bold">pts setfields</emphasis> command to
    increase or decrease it at any time.</para>

    <para>It is pointless to change group-creation quota for machine or group entries. It is not possible to authenticate as a group
    or machine and then create groups.</para>

    <para>To display the group-creation quota, use the <emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis> command to display a user
    entry's <computeroutput>group quota field</computeroutput>, as described in <link linkend="HDRWQ537">To display a Protection
    Database entry</link>. <indexterm>
        <primary>pts commands</primary>

        <secondary>setfields</secondary>

        <tertiary>setting group creation quota</tertiary>
      </indexterm> <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>pts setfields</secondary>

        <tertiary>setting group creation quota</tertiary>
      </indexterm></para>

    <sect2 id="Header_622">
      <title>To set group-creation quota</title>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Verify that you belong to the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group. If necessary, issue the
          <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command, which is fully described in <link linkend="HDRWQ587">To display
          the members of the system:administrators group</link>. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts membership system:administrators</emphasis>
</programlisting></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts setfields</emphasis> command to specify how many more groups each of one or more
          users can create. <programlisting>
  % <emphasis role="bold">pts setfields -nameorid</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>user or group name or id</replaceable>&gt;+  \
                  <emphasis role="bold">-groupquota</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>set limit on group creation</replaceable>&gt;
</programlisting></para>

          <para>where</para>

          <variablelist>
            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">setf</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Is the shortest acceptable abbreviation of <emphasis role="bold">setfields</emphasis>.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">-nameorid</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Specifies the name or AFS UID of each user for which to set group-creation quota.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">-groupquota</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Defines how many groups each user can create in addition to existing groups (in other words, groups that
                already exist do not count against the quota). The value you specify overwrites the current value, rather than
                incrementing it.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>
          </variablelist>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>group</primary>

        <secondary>privacy flags on Protection Database entry</secondary>

        <tertiary>setting</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>user</primary>

        <secondary>privacy flags on Protection Database entry</secondary>

        <tertiary>setting</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>machine</primary>

        <secondary>privacy flags on Protection Database entry</secondary>

        <tertiary>setting</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>setting</primary>

        <secondary>privacy flags on Protection Database entry</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>privacy flags on Protection Database entry</primary>

        <secondary>setting</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>Protection Database</primary>

        <secondary>privacy flags</secondary>

        <tertiary>setting</tertiary>
      </indexterm>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="HDRWQ559">
    <title>Setting the Privacy Flags on Database Entries</title>

    <para>Members of the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group can always display and administer Protection
    Database entries in any way, and regular users can display and administer their own entries and any group entries they own. The
    <emphasis>privacy flags</emphasis> on a Protection Database entry determine who else can display certain information from the
    entry, and who can add and remove members in a group.</para>

    <para>To display the flags, use the <emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis> command as described in <link
    linkend="HDRWQ537">To display a Protection Database entry</link>. The flags appear in the output's
    <computeroutput>flags</computeroutput> field. To set the flags, include the <emphasis role="bold">-access</emphasis> argument to
    the <emphasis role="bold">pts setfields</emphasis> command.</para>

    <para>The five flags always appear, and always must be set, in the following order:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><emphasis role="bold">s</emphasis></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Controls who can issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts examine</emphasis> command to display the entry.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><emphasis role="bold">o</emphasis></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Controls who can issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts listowned</emphasis> command to display the groups that a user
          or group owns.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><emphasis role="bold">m</emphasis></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Controls who can issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command to display the groups a user or
          machine belongs to, or which users or machines belong to a group.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><emphasis role="bold">a</emphasis></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Controls who can issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts adduser</emphasis> command to add a user or machine to a group.
          It is meaningful only for groups, but a value must always be set for it even on user and machine entries.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><emphasis role="bold">r</emphasis></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>Controls who can issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts removeuser</emphasis> command to remove a user or machine from
          a group. It is meaningful only for groups, but a value must always be set for it even on user and machine entries.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>

    <para>Each flag can take three possible types of values to enable a different set of users to issue the corresponding command:
    <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>A hyphen (<emphasis role="bold">-</emphasis>) designates the members of the <emphasis
          role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group and the entry's owner. For user entries, it designates the user in
          addition.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>The lowercase version of the letter applies meaningfully to groups only, and designates members of the group in
          addition to the individuals designated by the hyphen.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>The uppercase version of the letter designates everyone.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist></para>

    <para>For example, the flags <computeroutput>SOmar</computeroutput> on a group entry indicate that anyone can examine the
    group's entry and display the groups that it owns, and that only the group's members can display, add, or remove its
    members.</para>

    <para>The default privacy flags for user and machine entries are <computeroutput>S----</computeroutput>, meaning that anyone can
    display the entry. The ability to perform any other functions is restricted to members of the <emphasis
    role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group and the entry's owner (as well as the user for a user entry).</para>

    <para>The default privacy flags for group entries are <computeroutput>S-M--</computeroutput>, meaning that all users can display
    the entry and the members of the group, but only the entry owner and members of the <emphasis
    role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group can perform other functions. <indexterm>
        <primary>pts commands</primary>

        <secondary>setfields</secondary>

        <tertiary>setting privacy flags</tertiary>
      </indexterm> <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>pts setfields</secondary>

        <tertiary>setting privacy flags</tertiary>
      </indexterm></para>

    <sect2 id="Header_624">
      <title>To set a Protection Database entry's privacy flags</title>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Verify that you belong to the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group. If necessary, issue the
          <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command, which is fully described in <link linkend="HDRWQ587">To display
          the members of the system:administrators group</link>. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts membership system:administrators</emphasis>
</programlisting></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts setfields</emphasis> command to set the privacy flags. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts setfields</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>user or group name or id</replaceable>&gt;+ <emphasis
                role="bold">-access</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>set privacy flags</replaceable>&gt;
</programlisting></para>

          <para>where</para>

          <variablelist>
            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">setf</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Is the shortest acceptable abbreviation of <emphasis role="bold">setfields</emphasis>.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">user or group name or id</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Specifies the name or AFS UID of each user, the IP address or AFS UID of each machine, or the name or AFS GID
                of each group for which to set the privacy flags.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">-access</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Specifies the set of privacy flags to associate with each entry. Provide a value for each of the five flags,
                observing the following constraints: <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>Provide a value for all five flags, even though the fourth and fifth flags are not meaningful for user
                      and machine entries.</para>
                    </listitem>

                    <listitem>
                      <para>For self-owned groups, the hyphen is equivalent to a lowercase letter, because all the members of a
                      self-owned group own it.</para>
                    </listitem>

                    <listitem>
                      <para>Set the first flag to lowercase <emphasis role="bold">s</emphasis> or uppercase <emphasis
                      role="bold">S</emphasis> only. For user and machine entries, the Protection Server interprets the lowercase
                      <emphasis role="bold">s</emphasis> as equivalent to the hyphen.</para>
                    </listitem>

                    <listitem>
                      <para>Set the second flag to the hyphen (<emphasis role="bold">-</emphasis>) or uppercase <emphasis
                      role="bold">O</emphasis> only. For groups, the Protection Server interprets the hyphen as equivalent to
                      lowercase <emphasis role="bold">o</emphasis> (that is, members of a group can always list the groups that it
                      owns).</para>
                    </listitem>

                    <listitem>
                      <para>Set the third flag to the hyphen (<emphasis role="bold">-</emphasis>), lowercase <emphasis
                      role="bold">m</emphasis>, or uppercase <emphasis role="bold">M</emphasis>. For user and machine entries, the
                      lowercase <emphasis role="bold">m</emphasis> does not have a meaningful interpretation, because they have no
                      members.</para>
                    </listitem>

                    <listitem>
                      <para>Set the fourth flag to the hyphen (<emphasis role="bold">-</emphasis>), lowercase <emphasis
                      role="bold">a</emphasis>, or uppercase <emphasis role="bold">A</emphasis>. Although this flag does not have a
                      meaningful interpretation for user and machine entries (because they have no members), it must be set,
                      preferably to the hyphen.</para>
                    </listitem>

                    <listitem>
                      <para>Set the fifth flag to the hyphen (<emphasis role="bold">-</emphasis>) or lowercase <emphasis
                      role="bold">r</emphasis> only. Although this flag does not have a meaningful interpretation for user and
                      machine entries (because they have no members), it must be set, preferably to the hyphen.</para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist></para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>
          </variablelist>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>counter</primary>

        <secondary>Protection Database (max user id, max group id)</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>Protection Database</primary>

        <secondary>max user id and max group id counters, displaying and setting</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>AFS UID</primary>

        <secondary>counter for automatic allocation, displaying and setting</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>AFS GID</primary>

        <secondary>counter for automatic allocation, displaying and setting</secondary>
      </indexterm>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="HDRWQ560">
    <title>Displaying and Setting the AFS UID and GID Counters</title>

    <para>When you use the <emphasis role="bold">pts createuser</emphasis> command to create a user or machine entry in the
    Protection Database, the Protection Server by default automatically allocates an AFS user ID (AFS UID) for it; similarly, it
    allocates an AFS group ID (AFS GID) for each group entry you create with the <emphasis role="bold">pts creategroup</emphasis>
    command. It tracks the next available AFS UID (which is a positive integer) and AFS GID (which is a negative integer) with the
    <computeroutput>max user id</computeroutput> and <computeroutput>max group id</computeroutput> counters, respectively.</para>

    <para>Members of the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group can include the <emphasis
    role="bold">-id</emphasis> argument to either <emphasis role="bold">pts</emphasis> creation command to assign a specific ID to a
    new user, machine, or group. It often makes sense to assign AFS UIDs explicitly when creating AFS accounts for users with
    existing UNIX accounts, as discussed in <link linkend="HDRWQ456">Assigning AFS and UNIX UIDs that Match</link>. It is also
    useful if you want to establish ranges of IDs that correspond to departmental affiliations (for example, assigning AFS UIDs from
    300 to 399 to members of one department, AFS UIDs from 400 to 499 to another department, and so on).</para>

    <para>To display the current value of the counters, use the <emphasis role="bold">pts listmax</emphasis> command. When you next
    create a user or machine entry and do not specify its AFS UID, the Protection Server increments the <computeroutput>max user
    id</computeroutput> counter by one and assigns that number to the new entry. When you create a new group and do not specify its
    AFS GID, the Protection Server decrements the <computeroutput>max group id</computeroutput> counter by one (makes it more
    negative), and assigns that number to the new group.</para>

    <para>You can change the value of either counter, or both, in one of two ways:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>Directly, using the <emphasis role="bold">pts setmax</emphasis> command.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Indirectly, by using the <emphasis role="bold">-id</emphasis> argument to the <emphasis role="bold">pts
        createuser</emphasis> command to assign an AFS UID that is larger than the <computeroutput>max user id</computeroutput>
        counter, or by using the <emphasis role="bold">-id</emphasis> to the <emphasis role="bold">pts creategroup</emphasis>
        command to assign an AFS GID that is less (more negative) than the max group id counter. In either case, the Protection
        Server changes the counter to the value of the <emphasis role="bold">-id</emphasis> argument. The Protection Server does not
        use the IDs between the previous value of the counter and the new one when allocating IDs automatically, unless you use the
        <emphasis role="bold">pts setmax</emphasis> command to move the counter back to its old value.</para>

        <para>If the value you specify with the <emphasis role="bold">-id</emphasis> argument is less than the <computeroutput>max
        user id</computeroutput> counter or greater (less negative) than the <computeroutput>max group id</computeroutput> counter,
        then the counter does not change.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>pts commands</primary>

      <secondary>listmax</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>commands</primary>

      <secondary>pts listmax</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>max user id counter (Protection Database)</primary>

      <secondary>displaying</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>max group id counter (Protection Database)</primary>

      <secondary>displaying</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>displaying</primary>

      <secondary>counters for AFS UID and AFS GID</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>displaying</primary>

      <secondary>AFS user id and max group id counters</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <sect2 id="HDRWQ561">
      <title>To display the AFS ID counters</title>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts listmax</emphasis> command to display the counters. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts listmax</emphasis>
</programlisting></para>

          <para>where <emphasis role="bold">listm</emphasis> is an acceptable abbreviation of <emphasis
          role="bold">listmax</emphasis>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <para>The following example illustrates the output's format. In this case, the next automatically assigned AFS UID is 5439 and
      AFS GID is -469.</para>

      <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts listmax</emphasis>
   Max user id is 5438 and max group id is -468.
</programlisting>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>max user id counter (Protection Database)</primary>

        <secondary>setting</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>max group id counter (Protection Database)</primary>

        <secondary>setting</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>setting</primary>

        <secondary>counters for AFS UID and AFS GID</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>setting</primary>

        <secondary>AFS user id and max group id counters</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>Protection Database</primary>

        <secondary>ID counters, setting</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>setting</primary>

        <secondary>AFS UID and AFS GID counters</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>Protection Database</primary>

        <secondary>setting</secondary>

        <tertiary>counters for AFS UIDs</tertiary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>AFS UID</primary>

        <secondary>setting counters for automatic allocation</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>setting</primary>

        <secondary>AFS UID counters</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>pts commands</primary>

        <secondary>setmax</secondary>
      </indexterm>

      <indexterm>
        <primary>commands</primary>

        <secondary>pts setmax</secondary>
      </indexterm>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="Header_627">
      <title>To set the AFS ID counters</title>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Verify that you belong to the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group. If necessary, issue the
          <emphasis role="bold">pts membership</emphasis> command, which is fully described in <link linkend="HDRWQ587">To display
          the members of the system:administrators group</link>. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts membership system:administrators</emphasis>
</programlisting></para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts setmax</emphasis> command to set the <computeroutput>max user
          id</computeroutput> counter, the <computeroutput>max group id</computeroutput> counter, or both. <programlisting>
   % <emphasis role="bold">pts setmax</emphasis> [<emphasis role="bold">-group</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>group max</replaceable>&gt;] [<emphasis
                role="bold">-user</emphasis> &lt;<replaceable>user max</replaceable>&gt;]
</programlisting></para>

          <para>where</para>

          <variablelist>
            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">setm</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Is the shortest acceptable abbreviation of <emphasis role="bold">setmax</emphasis>.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">-group</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Specifies an integer one greater (less negative) than the AFS GID that the Protection Server is to assign to
                the next group entry. Because the value is a negative integer, precede it with a hyphen (<emphasis
                role="bold">-</emphasis>).</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>

            <varlistentry>
              <term><emphasis role="bold">-user</emphasis></term>

              <listitem>
                <para>Specifies an integer one less than the AFS UID that the Protection Server is to assign to the next user or
                machine entry.</para>
              </listitem>
            </varlistentry>
          </variablelist>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>
</chapter>
